Endometrial Biopsy
Endometrial biopsy is a procedure in which a tissue sample is taken from the lining of the uterus (endometrium) and is checked under a microscope for any abnormal cells or signs of cancer.
The health care provider will do a pelvic examination, and will insert an instrument (speculum) into the vagina to hold it open and see the cervix.
The cervix is cleaned with an antiseptic liquid and then grasped with an instrument (tenaculum) to hold the uterus steady. A device called a cervical dilator may be needed to stretch the cervical canal if there is tightness (stenosis). Then a small, hollow plastic tube is gently passed into the uterine cavity.
Gentle suction removes a sample of the lining. The tissue sample and instruments are removed. A specialist called a pathologist examines the sample under a microscope.
How To Prepare For The Test
There is no special preparation for the biopsy. You may want to take ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB) or acetaminophen (Tylenol) 1 hour before the procedure to reduce cramping. Some cramping is normal and expected with this procedure.
Why The Test Is Performed
The test is done to find the cause of:
- Abnormal menstrual periods (heavy, prolonged, or irregular bleeding)
- Bleeding after menopause
- Bleeding from taking hormone therapy medications
- Thickened uterine lining seen on ultrasound
Sometimes, it is used as part of the diagnosis in women who have been unable to become pregnant.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Abnormal menstrual periods may be caused by:
- Endometrial cancer or precancer (hyperplasia)
- Uterine fibroids
- Uterine polyps
- Hormone imbalance
If the lining is being tested for infertility, the sample may determine if hormones are properly stimulating the lining so that the fertilized egg can implant.
Other conditions under which the test may be performed:
- Abnormal bleeding if a woman is taking the breast cancer medication, tamoxifen
- Anovulatory bleeding
- Endometritis
What The Risks Are:
- Infection
- Making a hole in (perforating) the uterus or tearing the cervix (rarely)
- Prolonged bleeding
- Slight spotting